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Car·ene. ˈkaˌrēn. plural -s. : either of two liquid bicyclic terpenes C10H16 found especially in some turpentine oils and pine oils and in the oil of an East Indian grass (Cymbopogon iwarancusa) and distinguished as 3-(or Δ3-)carene and 4-(or Δ4-)carene. Occurring naturally in turpentine, rosemary, and cedar, carene is used as a raw material in various personal products. These include cosmetics, perfumes, and aromatherapy products.
Delta-3-carene is a bicyclic monoterpene found in cannabis with a pungent, sweet-citrus aroma. It is most often valued for its anti-inflammatory and bone-strengthening properties. Of the 200 aromatic molecule varieties called terpenes that may manifest in a particular example of the cannabis herb, none is better at repairing bones and promoting their growth than delta 3 carene (also called alpha-carene or simply carene).
There's a good chance that you've crossed paths with carene right at your breakfast table. The terpene can be found in the popular morning staples of orange juice and grapefruit juice. This is because the citrusy element in carene's scent also extends to its flavor, which some describe as tasting like fresh pineapple. As a flavor enhancer, carene mixtures may be enjoyed with salads or as an infusion in tea or mineral water. You have also likely encountered carene's sweet aroma if you've ever spritzed on a citrus perfume or cologne. Any citrus peel oil you can imagine, from mandarin to kumquat, likely has a healthy dose of carene as well.
Just as different cannabinoids have different effects, so do terpenes. These unique attributes contribute to the overall composition of a strain, adding a dimension to each one’s “personality.” Though research is still substantiating carene effects and benefits, the following uses are currently being investigated:
Regarding medicinal efficacy, the terpene provides significant qualities to combat systemic inflammation, repair diseased and damaged bones and is said to promote mental focus and concentration. Strains of cannabis rich in the delta 3 carene have been found to benefit those with arthritis, fibromyalgia and even Alzheimer’s disease.
Carene may be beneficial in the reduction of edema, an inflammatory condition that occurs when the body retains too much water. Edema is a common threat to patients with congestive heart failure and liver failure. Sedentary individuals without the ability to exercise (and thus regulate the circulatory system) also may suffer from edema.
Beyond the repair of bones, the terpene is unique due to its power to draw out liquids (one of its chief applications within the cosmetics industry). This drying effect makes it a candidate for use as an antihistamine and in products targeting excessive menstruation or mucus production. This quality is also responsible for anecdotal reports of dry mouth (cottonmouth) and red-eye among cannabis smokers and vapers.
Cultivars (strains) with Delta 3-Carene Dominance
Cautions
Though its presence in products, as well as cannabis, appears to be largely beneficial, overexposure to carene may irritate the skin, eyes, and lungs.
It is important to specify normal concentrations, as some terpenes can cause irritation, allergic reaction, nausea, headache, and/or acute toxic effects at very high doses - but these doses are much higher than you would ever consume in the course of using cannabis products.
Some terpenes can be dermal irritants, so their concentration in topical products needs to be carefully controlled. Guidance from organizations such as the International Fragrance Association shows that safe limits depend both on the type of product and the individual terpene.
The pharmacological hypothesis argues that aromatic compounds such as terpenes affect mood, physiology, and behavior because they interact with the nervous and/or endocrine systems (hormones).
Δ3-carene is a bicyclic monoterpene consisting of fused cyclohexene and cyclopropane rings. It occurs as a constituent of turpentine, with a content as high as 42% depending on the source. Carene has a sweet and pungent odor, best described as a combination of fir needles, musky earth, and damp woodlands. A colorless liquid, it is not soluble in water, but miscible with fats and oils. It is chiral, occurring naturally both as the racemate and enantio-enriched forms.
Formula: C10H16
Molar Mass: 136.238 g·mol−1
PubChem CID: 26049
Density: 0.86 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.474(lit.)
FEMA: 3821 | DELTA-3-CARENE
Flash Point: 115 °F
Melting Point: 25°C
Boiling Point: 170–172 °C (338–342 °F; 443–445 K)
Form: Liquid
Optical Activity: [α]20/D +15°, neat