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Borneol. noun. bor·ne·ol ˈbȯr-nē-ˌȯl -ˌōl. : a crystalline cyclic alcohol C10H17OH that occurs in two enantiomeric forms, is found in essential oils, and is used especially in perfumery
Borneol is one of many cannabis terpenes, it also occurs naturally in ginger, rosemary, camphor, and thyme. Its unique and complex scent repels insects and parasites, but appeals to many people. It is one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum. This compound is gathered from the beaver's plant food.
The compound was named in 1842 by the French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt. Borneol can be found in several species of Heterotheca, Artemisia, Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Dipterocarpaceae, Blumea balsamifera and Kaempferia galanga.
Borneol can be synthesized by reduction of camphor by the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction (a reversible process). Reduction of camphor with sodium borohydride (fast and irreversible) gives instead the diastereomer isoborneol.
Just as different cannabinoids have different effects, so do terpenes. These unique attributes contribute to the overall composition of a strain, adding a dimension to each one’s “personality.” Though research is still substantiating borneol effects and benefits, the following uses are currently being investigated:
This terpene offers many health benefits, including improved digestion (via the stimulation of gastric juices) and better blood circulation. Borneol also assists in the healing of wounds. Historically, it has been incorporated into topical treatments for such applications, including the treatment of hemorrhoids. Combined with other terpenes that convey sedative qualities — such as myrcene and linalool — the terpene can effectively combat insomnia. It is also antibacterial and antiseptic.
It also effectively treats bronchial symptoms to improve lung function and ease breathing (helpful for sufferers of bronchitis and asthma). Like many of its sibling terpenes, it has been found to reduce anxiety.
Borneol also assists in the healing of wounds. Historically, it has been incorporated into topical treatments for such applications, including the treatment of hemorrhoids. Combined with other terpenes that convey sedative qualities — such as myrcene and linalool — the terpene can effectively combat insomnia. It is also antibacterial and antiseptic.
Borneol exemplifies the dynamics of the entourage effect, a theory that cannabinoids and terpenes work together, synergistically, to offer particular therapeutic and medicinal benefits to humans via supplementation of the mammalian endocannabinoid system (ECS). Borneol amplifies the permeability of the blood/brain barrier, allowing other molecules and compounds to more efficiently bind with specialized receptors in the brain and central nervous system.
Cultivars (strains) with Borneol Dominance
Cautions
Borneol may cause eye, skin, and respiratory irritation; it is harmful if swallowed. Acute exposure may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, lightheadedness, and syncope. Exposure to higher levels or over a longer period of time may cause restlessness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and seizures. Borneol has been shown to have little to no irritation effect when applied to the human skin at doses used in fine fragrance formulation. Skin exposure can lead to sensitization and a future allergic reaction even to small quantities.
It is important to specify normal concentrations, as some terpenes can cause irritation, allergic reaction, nausea, headache, and/or acute toxic effects at very high doses - but these doses are much higher than you would ever consume in the course of using cannabis products.
Some terpenes can be dermal irritants, so their concentration in topical products needs to be carefully controlled. Guidance from organizations such as the International Fragrance Association shows that safe limits depend both on the type of product and the individual terpene.
The pharmacological hypothesis argues that aromatic compounds such as terpenes affect mood, physiology, and behavior because they interact with the nervous and/or endocrine systems (hormones).
Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene derivative. The hydroxyl group in this compound is placed in an endo position. The exo diastereomer is called isoborneol. Being chiral, borneol exists as enantiomers, both of which are found in nature.
Formula: C10H18O
Molar Mass: 154.253 g·mol−1
PubChem CID: 6552009
Density: 1.011 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Vapor Pressure: 33.5 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
FEMA: 2157 | BORNEOL
Boiling Point: 210-213 °C (415 °F; 486 K)
Flash Point: 150 °C
Melting Point: 206-209 °C
PKA: 15.36±0.60(Predicted)
Form: Powder to Crystal
Optical Activity: [α]/D -60±2°, neat
Water Solubility:: 22mg/L at 20℃